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INNOVATIONEN 1880 aus Grossbritannien |
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Bereich: Transportwesen |
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Schlitten
fahren. Diese kleine Dampfmaschine wurde von Mr. J. W. Cayser aus
Lansdowne Gardens entworfen. Sie sollte in Kanada und anderen
kalten Gegenden eisbrechende Boote ersetzen. Die Verwendung von
Gusseisen wurde weitmöglichst eingeschränkt, um
Kältebrüche auszuschliessen. Diese Erfindung stand auch
im Zeichen der seinerzeit modischen
"Weg-vom-Pferd"-Ingenieurtechnik. Datei: tech001. Orignaltext: A Steam-Sledge.
The engravina on the next page represents a small steam-engine which has been desined by Mr. J. W. Cayser, of 50, Lansdowne Gardens, Clapham Road, for running on ice or frozen ground in Canada or other cold countries where sledges and ice-boats are the usual means of transport during the winter season. It is simply a locomotive with its leading and trailing wheels replaced by skids or skates of iron, as shown. The driving wheels are in their usual position, and have projections on their tyres to enable them to grip the ice; and the engine is guided by a steering wheel in the driver's cabin, which directs the leading skids. The boiler is thickly mantled in felt and wood to exclude the cold. Cast iron is avoided as much as possible in its construction, so as to lessen the chances of fracture by brittleness due to the low temperature. The drivers are completely sheltered, and their cabin is fitted with revolving shutter-doors. Such an engine, if made thoroughly practicable, would of course do many times the work of the ordinary horse conveyances now in vogue. |
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Eine
elektrische Strassenbahn. |
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Achtung
vor dem Zug. Weil Polizisten pennen oder im Nebel verschwinden,
erfanden die Herren Leblanc und Loiseau eine
Zug-Näherungs-Warn-Maschine. Zwei oder drei Kilometer vor dem
Bahnübergang wurde das Signal ausgelöst und setzte den
Mechanismus in der Warnsäule in Gang. Es bimmelte laut,
zugleich klappte die unbeschriebene Wand um und präsentierte
nun das Signal "Nicht passieren". Bei Nacht war die
Botschaft sogar beleuchtet. Datei: Orignaltext: An Electrical Alarm for Level Crossings. At most level crossings, where a roadway crosses a railway at the ground level, a watchman is placed to close the gates and forbid the passage of vehicles or persons when a train is coming. This plan is subject to accidents, owing, for example, to negligence of the watchman, or fogs preventing the signals of the approaching train being seen. Messrs. Leblanc and Loiscau have therefore devised an automatic advertiser of the train's vicinity. Fig. 1 shows the mechanism that actuates the advertiser or noticeboard, which is erected conspicuously on an ornamental post, as shown in Fig. 2. The apparatus (Fig. 1) is attached to the rails at a distance of two or three kilometres from the crossing so that the train in passing will work it in time to notify its arrival at the crossing a few minutes beforehand. The first wheel of the locomotive rolling along the rail pushes in the lever of the mechanism (Fig. 1), and, by means of an escapement, completes an electric circuit, and rings a loud bell at the signal-post (Fig. 2). At the same time the current also draws back a blank shutter, and displays a notice on the front of the signalbox (Fig. 2) with the words "Defense de Passer" (No Thoroughfare) on it. By day these letters appear in blue or black on a white glass ground: by night the ground is rendered luminous by a lamp or gas-jet placed within the box. The notice remains up, and the bell continues to sound, till the train has passed the crossing, when the first wheel of the train again actuates the lever of a similar apparatus, and, by breaking the electric circuit, stops the bell from ringing, and replaces the blank shutter over the notice as before, when the apparatus is again ready for use. There is, nevertheless, a certain element of uncertainty in the use of electric batteries and apparatus for safety purposes, and though such a contrivance is theoretically perfect, it would be necessary to test the condition of the apparatus very frequently. |
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Ein
elektrisches Rad, bewegt durch Magnetkraft. Nutzen seinerzeit:
unbekannt. Orignaltext: An Electric Wheel. A novel and curious example of motion produced by the electric current has recently been devised by MM. Lontin and Fonvielle. It consists, as will be seen from our engraving, of a circular disc of soft iron pivoted within a hollow bobbin of silk-covered copper wire, like that used for galvanometers. Over the bobbin is supported a horse-shoe magnet, which can be turned so as to place its poles across the coil or in line with it. When in line with it, as shown, the passage of an intermittent induction current through the coil is sufficient to start the wheel or disc into rapid rotation. This movement can be reversed by changing the direction of the current through the coil, or stopped altogether by simply placing the poles of the magnet across the coil. The explanation of the effect lies in the fact that the induced current in the secondary circuit of the induction coil is always stronger when due to rupture than when due to closure of the primary circuit. Hence, as the disc is magnetised by the influence of the horse-shoe magnet, and therefore tends to rotate in opposite directions under the action of the opposite momentary currents in the coil, the stronger set of momentary currents (due to rupture) will overbear the closure currents, and drive the disc continuously round in one direction. There is no new law involved in the apparatus, but it is interesting as a scientific toy and lecture illustration, even if it should not ultimately be applied to some useful purpose, such as regulating clocks or other machines by means of electricity. |
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I'm
walking - im Luftkissen-Schuh. Empfohlen besonders für warme
Tage. Orignaltext: A Boot and Shoe Ventilator. Much of the discomfort of wearing boots and shoes in hot weather is doubtless due to the want of ventiation. The accompanying engravings represent a device which is intended to supply this want. It consists of a spiral coiled brass wire laid in a groove extending in and around the under side of the insole of the boot or shoe, with holes a close intervals immediately over the coil. The coil runs along to the heel, from whence it extends to the top of the boot or shoe, where it finishes in an eyelet-hole, and forms, when the wearer is walking, an automatic air-pump whereby pure air is continually drawn in and the foul and heated air thrown off. It is claimed for this device that it is not only beneficial in a sanitary point of view, but that besides adding to the comfort of the wearer it actually insures economy, inasmuch as boots or shoes supplied with it will last much longer than others in which the leather and uppers are apt to deteriorate from contact with the foot. |
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Seit
1860, so die Beschreibung 1880, versuche man nun schon, die
Dampf-Lokomotive zu ersetzen. Nun sei dies Werner Siemens
gelungen. Hier eine Zeichnung der Elektro-Lokomotive mit zwei
dynamo-elektrischen Maschinen. Orignaltext: An Electric Railway. The idea of superseding the steam locomotive by an electric engine is at least twenty years old; but it was never practically realised until last year, when Dr. Werner Siemens, the famous German electrician, actually built and operated an electric tramway at the recent Industrial Exhibition in Berlin. During the course of the summer 100,000 persons were conveyed by this line at a speed of from three to four metres per second; and this conclusive success has so far emboldened the inventor, that he is now engaged in organising a scheme for introducing the system on a public scale into the streets and squares of the German capital. The principal of the electric railway is the transmission of power to a distance by means of electricity, a subject which we have on several occasions treated of in these columns. To carry out this principle, two dynamo-electric machines are employed. One of these is stationed at some point where there is a convenient source of mechanical power to drive it, say a steam or gas- engine or a fall of water, and the electric current generated in it by its rotation is led by means of metallic conductors to the second machine, which is mounted on a car upon the rails in front of the train. The current, on being passed through this auxiliary machine, communicates a rotary motion to its movable part or armature, and this motion is in turn communicated to the wheels of the car, the result being that the car travels along the line and draws the train after it. The conductors which Dr. Siemens employed were the rails themselves; a central one being, provided to take the current from the stationary machine to the moving one, and the outer rails being utilised in completing the circuit back to the stationary machine again. Below is a general view of the electric tramway at the Berlin Exhibition, and on page 319 is a diagram of the internal construction of the electric locomotive. Here, N is the central rail, from which the current is let into the revolving bobbin of the machine by means of a brush of copper wires, T, which constantly sweeps against the rail; and the rotation of the bobbin, B, is communicated to the driving wheels of the car by means of a gearing. The returning current passes from these wheels to the external rails, and by them back to the stationary machine. The machines employed are of the ordinary continuous current Siemens type. Another application of this ingenious system which is proposed by Dr. Siemens is the formation of an "Electric Post," for the purpose of conveying mail-bags with great velocity to distances far exceeding the existing tubular pneumatic post. The railway whould take the form of a long plate-iron box or tube, supported upon iron pillars. Light glass or wooden sleepers to carry the rails would be laid in the bottom of this and fastened down. On these rails would run small four-wheeled carriages, each having an axle taking the form of a rotating bobbin in a small dynamo-electric machine attached to the front part of the carriage. The hinder part of the carriage would be fitted up to hold the mails and other parcels transported; and by means of stationary- machines every twenty miles or so, a post could be sent off every ten minutes. |
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Der
"Pedomotor". Wer denkt da nicht an Skateboards? Eine
Erfindung aus Amerika, wo das "skaten" offenbar schon
einige Zeit vor 1880 in Mode gewesen sein muss. Die
Fortbewegungs-Energie kam hier durch Betätigung des
Pedal-Mechanismus. Es wird behauptet, die Bewegung sei exakt jene,
die auch beim Laufen vollführt werde. Bemerkenswert: Der
Pedomotor hatte eine Bremse. Die war an einem der hinteren Räder
angebracht und konnte vom Pedomotoristen durch Hochziehen einer
Schnur ausgelöst werden. Orignaltext: The Pedomotor. A new device for the use of those who patronise the skating-rink has been invented in America, and the accompanying engraving gives a very clear idea of its construction. The frame-work stands upon three rubber-tired wheels, the two smaller of which support the apparatus, while the larger is mainly employed in driving, for which purpose it is attached to a shaft that carries a ratchet-wheel and a loose pinion with "pawl" for engaging the ratchet. To the upper part of the pedomotor there is pivoted a footpedal, provided with a segment rack for engaging the loose pinion wheel shaft. When the toe of the pedal is depressed, the segment rack by engaging the pinion actuates the drive-wheel and impels the machine forward. The motion of the foot is exactly the same as in walking. A brake is supplied for stopping the motion of the pedomotor, and is made to act upon one of the small wheels by pulling a cord that runs upwards for attachment to some part of the wearer's clothing. |
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Bereich: Kommunikation |
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Kombiniertes
"Ohr-Telefon" aus Amerika, für längere
Gespräche. Eine Entwicklung der Firma Bell. Geeignet zum
Zuhören als auch zum Sprechen. |
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Telefon
für Taube. Statt hören: Schwingungen erkennen. Die
würden über die Knochen an den Gehörnerv gelangen.
Erfindung von Mr. H. G. Fiske, Springfield/Mass. Orignaltext: A Telephone for the Deaf. Deafness, in the majority of cases, is probably due to some defect in the auditory nerve, but there are many cases in which it is attributable to the air vibrations not reaching the nerve at all. In such instances the audiphone, as is now well known, proves of great service as an artificial drum for receiving the sonorous waves, and communicating their impulses through the bones of the head to the auditory nerve and brain. Various forms of audiphone have been described from time to time in the GATHERER, the latest and simplest being a sheet of stiff brown paper, with one edge placed between the teeth, and its convex surface exposed to the sound-waves. Quite recently the audiphone principle has been applied to the speaking telephone with success, by Mr. H. G. Fiske, of Springfield, Mass. His arrangement will be understood from the accompanying illustration, which represents a sectional view of the mouthpiece of a telephone with the audiphone attachment. A blade, B, of resonant material, such as wood, or hard india-rubber, is connected to the centre of the metal plate, or vibrating diaphragm of the telephone, D, and supported by an elastic prop, P, fixed to the mouthpiece of the latter. The free end of the blade is inserted between the teeth of the listener, as shown, and its under surface is coated with an elastic substance, so as to prevent the vibration of the blade from injuring the teeth of the lower jaw. As in the audiphone, of course the sonorous vibrations of the telephone diaphragm are communicated to the bones of the head, and thence to the auditory nerve. It should be added that Mr. Fiske's device may be readily detached from the telephone, which can then be used in the ordinary way. |
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Streit
um die Gasrechnung muss es häufig gegeben haben, denn Mr.
Frederick Egner aus Norfolk, Virgina, sah sich veranlasst, einen
preisberechnenden Zähler zu entwickeln. |
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Bereich: Haus und Hof |
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Der
"Regenwasser-Perkolator". Fauliges Wasser aus der
Dachrinne kommt immer zuerst, wenn es mal wieder zu regnen
anfängt. Aber dem machte "Buck's Patent-Perkolator"
ein Ende. Schlechtes Wasser kam zunächst in einen separaten
Tank, das "gute" in den Vorratstank. Orignaltext: Rain-Water Percolator. The importance of rain-water for domestic purposes has recently been referred to in the "Gatherer", and a very useful apparatus for the purpose of rejecting the foul water which comes away from a roof at the beginning of a shower of rain, and allowing the pure water which flows off later to be stored in the tank, is that known as Buck's Patent Percolator, which directs the firstlings of the supply into a waste-pipe or separate tank for a certain time, then cants and turns the pure water into the storage-tank. This apparatus is represented in section in the accompanying figure, where A is the straining chamber, in which the rainwater coming from the inlet-pipe is strained through a perforate plate, which keeps back rubbish; and B is a pipe through which the strained water falls into the percolator or canting chamber C, which is hung on a pivot. This chamber is divided into two compartments-one, D, into which the rainwater first falls, and escapes from it by an orifice, E, into the waste-tank by the pipe M; another discharge-whole, F is also provided, to prevent a too rapid filling of the chamber; and an overflow-pipe, G, is added, in case of storms. Now, when the rainfall exceeds the discharging capacity of the first orifice E, and rises in the compartment D, it is permitted to escape by an orifice, H, at the back of the overflow-pipe G, into the second compartment 1, where it collects until its weight overbalances the percolator, and cants it from a vertical into an inclined position. The rain-water from the roof is by this time coming off pure, and this, together with that in the compartment 1, which escapes by the orifice L, is directed into the storage-pipe K by the spout J. If the rain should, however, now increase to a storm, the percolator is canted back again to its old position by the filling up of the compartment D, and the water, which will again have become turbid, is directed as before into the waste-tank. |
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"Tisley's
Harmonograph". "Feine Schwingungen" dieses
Apparates hatten nichts mit Aberglaube (oder heute modischer
"Spiritualität") zu tun, sondern es handelte sich
um eine Zeichenmaschine. Das Ding brachte "elegante Kurven",
sogenannte "Lissajou-Figuren", aufs Papier, und zwar in
Permanent-Tinte. In Gang gesetzt wurde es durch leichte,
musikalische Schwingungen. Den Harmonographen hatte der Londoner
Optiker Tisley eingeführt; das hier abgebildete Modell wurde
von Mr. Queen aus Philadelphia entwickelt. |
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Das
Ende des Berufes des "Eishauers" kam mit dieser
"Eisbrechenden Maschine". Orignaltext: An Ice-breaking Machine. In hotels and other establishments where great quantities of ice in all shapes and sizes are used, some difficulty must be experienced in breakin up the huge blocks of ice - the form in which it is generally stored. But machinery can now be applied to work of this description, and the apparatus represented in the wood-cut has been devised for this special object. It is simple and effective in its operation, and does its work without crushing the ice. A revolving drum or cylinder armed at various intervals with steel picks is placed within a stand, the back of which recedes to allow of a large block of ice being laid down. The drum is "turned" by a handle, and as it revolves the picks operate upon the ice, the portions chipped off slipping down behind the cylinder into a tray beneath. The block of ice is kept in its place by its own weight. Altogether this device is particularly serviceable, being effective and, it is stated, cheap. |
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Bank
wandle Dich. Im Jahre 1880 patentiert: Die "Replex"-Bank.
Einmal: Bank für Schüler, dann eine Sitzbank für
"public meetings". Benutzt wurden die hier abgebildeten
"Replexe" im South Kesington Museum. Orignaltext: |
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Automatischer
Feuer-Anzünder. Damit konnte man tatsächlich das Holz im
Kamin anzünden - falls man nicht vergessen hatte, in die
Halterung (auf der Zeichnung: "d") ein oder mehrere
Streichhölzer zu stecken. Entzündet wurden diese vom
Sandpapier auf der von einer Strippe gezogenen horizontalen
Scheibe. Orignaltext: An Automatic Fire-Lighter. A novel device for automatically lighting fires at any stated time has recently been invented. By reference to the engraving it will be seen that the lighting mechanism is controlled by a clock, which carries on its hour-hand arbour an adjustable disc, bearing an arm capable of engaging the pins which project from the rim of the wheel a. The pins of this wheel, a, correspond to the seven days ot the week, and are arranged so as to disengage a pawl from the ratchet wheel b, at any settled time or the day. The ratchet, b, is fixed upon the shaft of a small windlass, which is propelled by a weight when the pawl releases the ratchet wheel. This windlass winds a cord that may be extended in any direction to the stove or furnace, where there is placed a light, c, consisting of a horizontal wheel, round whose periphery the cord is wound, and on whose upper surface, there is a coating of sand-paper. The wheel is protected by an iron cover, which also supports a clamp, d, for holding one or more matches so that their heads press lightly on the sand-paper. A piece of paper or other combustible extends from the match to the kindlings in the grate. At the prescribed time the pawl is released by the clock, the weight drops, the sanded wheel revolves, and the fire is lighted. If it is desired to pass over a day or two, the corresponding pins in the wheel a are to be removed. |
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Amerikanische
Säge-Maschine. Je schwerer der Säger, desto besser das
Sägen. Der Säger musste in die Pedalen treten und
zugleich das Ruder bewegen. Das Instrument war über zwei
Meter lang. Orignaltext: A New American Saw. Our engraving illustrates this ingenious saw so well that a very short description of it will suffice. It is an American invention, and is designed to cut through fallen trunks. The sawyer sits on a spring seat which lends itself to the movements of his body in the act of sawing. Thrusting with his feet upon the pedals, and at the same time drawing back the lever which he holds in his hands, the sawyer pushes the saw from him through the wood with considerable force, to which the weight of the body contributes. Then, easing his legs from the pedals, and thrusting the lever from him with both his hands, he draws the saw back again in the reverse direction. The whole implement is about eight feet long, and is said to work very regularly, the blade of the saw having a clear stroke of three feet. |
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Rasende
Blechfische. Angetrieben wurden sie von einem kleinen magentischen
Elektromotor. Durch Umpolung rasten die Fische in die andere
Richtung. Erfinder war ein M. Combettes, Ingenieur aus Paris.
Orignaltext: Magnetic Fishes. An ingenious aquatic toy, devised by M. Combettes, a civil engineer of Paris, is illustrated in the annexed engraving. As will readily be seen, it consists of a glass bowlfull of water in which are floating a pair of tinned-iron fishes. Beneath the bowl there is concealed a small magneto-electric motor, and when the current from a voltaic cell or two is led to the motor by the two wires shown, the iron armature of the motor begins to revolve, and by magnetic attraction induces the fishes to follow it, so that a very good imitation of swimming is set up. By changing the direction of the current through the intermediary of a commutator, the direction of rotation of the armature, and consequently of the gyrations of the toy fish, can be changed at the will of the operator. |
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Es
werde Licht, nur sei es nicht so teuer. Eine Carbon-Lampe,
erfunden von einem Mr. Andre, und im Londoner Stafford House dem
seinerzeitigen Prinz von Wales vorgeführt. Orignaltext: The Electric Light in Mansions. For mansions and dwelling-houses a powerful electric light would be out of place, and what is is a steady but moderately brilliant light, can be readily manipulated. The incandescent class of lamps, in which the light is produced by the white-heating of a pencil of carbon, is therefore better adapted for this purpose than the voltaic are. The best incandescent lamp yet produced is, perhaps, that of Mr. Andre, which was recently employed in illuminating the grand staircase, banqueting-hall, picture gallery, and drawingroom of Stafford House, before the Prince of Wales, who expressed his great satisfaction at the display. Thirty-six lamps of twenty-candle power were on that occasion kept going by one small Gramme dynamoelectric machine of A type; and to aid the spectacular effect, which was very fine, coloured gauze was draped round some of the lamps. Andre's lamp is illustrated in the figure, and consists of a pencil of carbon, i, with its point resting on a copper cone, w, and its vertical stem guarded by two concentric tubes, the outer of which is marked g. The current is conducted to the carbon on the one hand, and led from the cone on the other, by means of these tubes, which are separated from each other by an insulator. The terminals by which the wires conveying the current are joined to the lamp are marked k and m; h is a hook to hang the lamp by; n is a vulcanite cap. The burning point of the carbon is enclosed in a glass chamber, b, rendered air-tight by immersing it in an outer glass globe, a, filled with water. The object of the airtight chamber is to save the carbon from being consumed by rapid oxidation, for the air originally in the chamber is quickly turned into carbonic oxide, which has no burning effect on carbon. Such a lamp will burn 100 hours without renewal of carbons, and as it is simple, it is also cheap. The plan of excluding the air by water is due to Mr. Brougham, and is very effective. The water tends to diffuse the light like an opal globe, and by tinting it different coloured lights can be obtained. Perhaps the steadiest and most powerful electric lamp on the "voltaic arc" principle which has yet been invented is that of Mr. Crompton. In all other lamps of this kind-the Siemens, used at the British Museum; the Jablochkoff, used at the Thames Embankment; and the Rapieff, used near Blackfriars-there is a disagreeable flickering owink to an imperfect regulation of the supply of carbon to the arc; but in Crompton's lamp there is no appreciable flickering whatever. This fact is due to the perfection of his regulating mechanism, in which the clockwork feeding the carbonis controlled by a delicate friction brake, applied by means of the attraction of the current forming the light, on a very light, soft, iron armature. So finely adjusted is this mechanism, that the least weakening of the current, due to a widening of the arc, is attended by a corresponding change in the velocity of the clockwork and the rate of supply of the carbon. Another noteworthy advance in electric illumination has been made by Dr. Phipson, who encloses a phosphorescent substance, such as sulphide of barium, in one of those sealed glass vessels known as Geissler tubes, and on passing a current of electricity through it causes it to glow very brightly. This light, though very weak compared with other electric lights, is uniform and agreeable, and therefore fitted for domestic lighting. |
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Pump
und Spritz für den Blumenfreund. Eine einfache, praktische
Sache. Seinerzeit als der "gewöhnlichen Giesskanne"
weit überlegen beschrieben. Orignaltext: A New Flower-sprinkler. Lovers of plants and flowers may find the watering syringe shown in the engraving to be very handy and efficient. It is a flexible bulb, provided with a sprinkling nozzle, a couple of valves, and a suction tube of india-rubber. The tube is placed in a bucket of water or other vessel, and the bulb is actuated by hand, so that the showering can be better controlled and directed than by means of the ordinary watering-pot, and therefore the contrivance is all the more suitable for small conservatories or window plants. |
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Das
Ölkännchen tropft nicht mehr. Ende des bröckelnden
Korks. Orignaltext: A Corkless Oil-Can. The greasy cork of oil-cans is generally a nasty as well as troublesome appliance, and a useful improvement has made its appearance in the "no cork" oilcan, which dispenses with a cork altogether. As will be seen from the woodcut, a knob projects from the mouth of the can, and when this is pressed by the thumb it forces back a leather disc or valve, which closes the orifice by the upward force of a stout spiral spring. The oil can then be poured, and when the knob is released the spring again shuts the valve; moreover, if the can be upset the oil cannot escape. |
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Das
sprechende Bilder-Buch. Das Buch enthält eine Reihe von
Tierbildern und einen trickreichen Mechanismus, der deren Töne
imitiert. Beim Aufblättern erscheint das Bild, ein Text dazu
und das Geräusch. Patentinhaber war Herr Brand aus Sonneberg
(Deutschland). Orignaltext: A Talking Picture-Book. A somewhat clever toy, one that is sure to please children. and that is (so far as we know) quite new, is shown in the engraving. The book consists of a series of pictures of animals, with apparatus for producing sounds in imitation of each creature represented. Open in the book, the illustration is on one side of the page, and letterpress descriptive of it on the page facing. The text covers concealed mechanism, comprising bellows and whistles of peculiar construction for mimicking various voices. The bellows are "blown" by pulling a button at the edge of the page, the button belonging to the picture on view being pulled to produce the sound in imitation of the cry of the animal exhibited. Mr. Brand, of Sonneberg, Germany, has patented this invention. |
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Es
klappert von alleine oder: Der sich selbst steuernde Ventilator.
Orignaltext: A Self-acting Ventilator. On the proper ventilation of sitting and bed-rooms largely depends, it is needless to urge, the health of the household; and many times and oft have inventors endeavoured to devise some appliance that would meet the varied requirements in this direction. It has been always found easy enough to admit fresh air, but there has been far more difficulty in keeping out dust and "blacks." One of the most recent inventions professes to achieve both ends, its author, Mr. Walter Sayers, of Guelph, Ontario, having spent considerable thought upon the matter. A reference to the engravinas will explain the details of this ventilator. It is placed at the top of the window above the sash, and screened from view inside by curtains, while from the outside it resembles a small Venctian blind. The entering air is directed by the air-duct towards the ceiling, where it supersedes the foul air which escapes by the ventilator. Being automatic it needs no attention; the wind, on attaining a certain velocity, shuts the ivoted guards C, and so prevents the admission of very strong air-currents. These guards likewise catch the dust, and when the pressure of wind ceases they swing open automatically. When it is desired to close the ventilator entirely, this is done by drawing the cord hanging from the centre of the window, which shuts the valve B. On the cord being loosened the valve opens by its own weight. The network, A, over the cornice will keep out flies and other insects. |
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Eine
echte Innovation: Nähmaschine, betrieben durch Hundekraft.
Besser: Hundegewicht, denn dieses lässt das Rad sich drehen.
Damit es dem Hündchen gut geht, ist ein Wassernapf angebracht
(hoffentlich auch gefüllt!). Angeblich hatte der Erfinder,
Mr. Richard, ein Uniform-Schneider, eine Menge Maschinen laufen,
die von "Vier-Fuss-Motoren" angetrieben wurden. Orignaltext: Driving a Sewing Machine by Dog-Power. It is by no means a new idea to employ dogs besides other animals in turning or driving machinery, but the most recent application of canine power is so ingenious as to call for special mention. The two illustrations almost explain themselves. In Fig. 1 the animal is represented at rest, and in this position, its centre of gravity being maintained, it does not act upon the machine. However, as soon as the box that holds the dog is placed in the situation marked in Fig. 2 by dotted lines, the creatures weight is enough to turn the wheel in the direction indicated by the arrows. Naturally, as soon as movement has begun in this way, the dog tries to advance up the now inclined surface, and this further action of his causes the wheel to rotate. A fixed platform is arranged below at the side of the endless belt as a resting-place for the dog and a cup of water is placed in front of the box for his convenience. Mr. Richard, the inventor, is a maker of military uniforms, and he drives a large number of his sewing machines by means of his four-footed motor. There can be no positive objection to this employment of dog-power, provided the animals are well looked after and are not over-worked, though we think inanimate motive-power is far preferable. |
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Leichtbau-Rasen-Spreng-System.
Orignaltext: New Hose Carriage. The hose carriage represented in the wood-cut has been devised mainly for watering lawns and gardens, but could, of course, be pressed into service for more serious work should occasion for its use in this way ever unfortunately arise. The chief feature in the apparatus is the arrangement whereby water is conveyed, through the hose attached to the hydrant, to the hollow axle of the carriage, from which it is served by means of a short hand-pipe. One end of the hose is furnished with a union for coupling it with the hydrant from which the water is obtained; while the other, or inner end, is fastened over a nozzle projecting from the axle. The hose is wound round a reel secured to the axle, and by the revolving of this reel the hose is wound up or unwound. The water passes through the hose as it is wound on the reel, thence to the hollow axle, and out through the hand-pipe. The attendant (who, by-the-by, may be a boy of ten or twelve, so manageable is the contrivance) taking the handle of the carriage in one hand and the hose-pipe in the other, walks over the lawn, or up and down the garden paths, watering grass and flowers in the most business-like manner. The carriage is of very light construction, and the reelwheels do not touch the ground. |
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80
Meter Kautschuk-Schlauch, gefüllt mit kaltem Wasser zwecks
Kühlung von Fieberpatienten. Vorsichtshalber wird die
Temperatur des ein- und ausfliessenden Wassers gemessen. Orignaltext: A Cooling Coverlet. Certain diseases, such as typhoid fever, are sometimes treated by refrigeration, or artificial cooliny of the patient; and a new coverlet for this purpose has been recently introduced into the Hopital de la Pitie by Dr. Dumontpailier. The coverlet is made out of a tube of caoutchouc, 8o metres long, folded on itself in a series of equal lengths, and enclosed in two squares of cloth. A current of cold water flows through the tube from end to end, from and into a distributing apparatus placed on a table at the foot of the bed. The distributor consists of two stop-cocks-one in connection with the reservoir of cold water, and the other with the outflow-pipe. Thermometers, to show the temperature of the water as it enters and leaves the coverlet, are inserted in special chambers fitted to the stop-cocks. The tube from the coverlet to the outlet stop-cock is arranged to send the water through a small glass bell-jar on the table, so as to enable the regularity of the outflow to be seen. The apparatus is said to be highly sensitive; a slight alteration in the orifice of one or the other stopcock, or both together, is followed almost immediately by a variation of the thermometric readings. |
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Schwimmweste.
Neu war die Existenz mehrerer Kammern. |
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Klein,
fein und tragbar: Die in der obigen Spalte vorgestellte Schwimmweste. |
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Farbthermometer.
Prof. Langley, Amerika, hatte entdeckt, dass in Alkohol aufgelöste
Kobaltsalze bei Temperaturveränderungen ihre Farben wechseln.
Dies zeigte sich im Farbthermometer in wohl beeindruckender Weise.
Mehr war 1880 nicht herauszubekommen. Orignaltext: A Novel Thermoscope. It has been discovered that chloride of cobalt dissolved in alcohol yields a solution which changes colour according to the temperature of the surrounding air, and the fact has been happily applied to the construction of a very simple thermoscope, or heat detector. The best solution is made by dissolving a few crystals of pure chloride of cobalt in two or three drachms of warm water, then adding strong alcohol, until when exposed to a temperature of about 70 *(Grad)Fahr. the liquid presents a slaty colour, intermediate between pink and blue. The proportions of ingredients are then about twenty grains of the salt to each fluid ounce of alcohol. When too blue, a little more alcohol, or a drop of water, has to be added to the solution; when too pink, a few more grains of the salt are to be added. The liquor may be poured into a long narrow test-tube, so as to leave the upper part of the tube empty for sealing by the blowpipe. When exposed to cold air, the solution becomes a lively pink colour, which, as the temperature of the air increases, passes through various shades of colour, until at last, when quite warm, it has taken a blue or violet tint. These colour changes are due to the fact that in the cold alcoholic solution the salt appropriates a portion of the water, and when heated parts with this water of crystallisation. When provided with a scale of tints for comparison, such as that gummed alongside the tube in our engraving, the changes in the hue of the liquid become a rough index of the temperature of the atmosphere, or of neighbouring bodies. While upon this subject we may mention that Professor Langley, an American, has discovered that very thin sheets or flakes of iron are extremely sensitive to heat. At the recent meeting of the United States National Academy of Science, he exhibited some iron foil rolled by the Pittsburg Mills, so thin that it from 10,000 to 12,000 of them laid one above another to build up an inch in thickness. From these he has produced an apparatus which has to radiant heat almost as prompt an action as the human eye has to light, and which has far greater sensitiveness than any kind of thermo-pile known. The true construction of the apparatus is, however, still a secret. |
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Giftfreie
Petroleumlampe, erfunden von Herrn Carlot, Paris. Orignaltext: A New Petroleum Lamp. Our engraving represents an improved household lamp for burning petroleum, gasoline, or naphtha, which has been invented by M. Charlot, of Paris. Its chief merit lies in the fact that it does not generate any noxious fumes, and gives a most brilliant light. Both of these conditions are secured by making the combustion of the oil very complete, and this is effected by the special manner in which the air is supplied to the flame. The air designed to feed the flame from below enters by the orifice A B, and passes upwards in four separate currents divided from each other by inner partitions. It then passes by three concentric passages, and each of the three blasts thereby produced is made to converge at a different angle on the flame. The air intended to supply the outer surface of the flame is admitted by the apertures a b, and passes upward by the concentric funnels, as shown by the arrows. The flame is thus blown upon by several distinct currents of air at different parts, as indicated by the arrows, and it is therefore thoroughly served with the oxygen necessary for entire combustion. Any kind of chimney will suit the lamp-a matter of some importance in country districts. Risk of explosion in filling the reservoir is also avoided, for to do this it is necessary to unscrew the burner, and therefore to extinguish the light. |
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Nicht
nur Tintenfass, nein, auch ein "Personal Manager". Ein
Kalender, bildbar variablen Drehelementen. |
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Der
"Tyson-Motor" für Mutti. Es handelt sich um eine
kleine Dampfmaschine, beschickbar mit Benzin, Gas oder Petroleum.
Der Motor wurde nicht nur zum Antrieb von Nähmaschinen
eingesetzt, sondern auch zum Mahlen von Kaffee oder Ingangsetzen
von Fächern. Orignaltext: Another Domestic Motor. In the Gatherer we recently gave an account of two little French motors designed for household purposes, and we are now enabled to illustrate a favourite American apparatus of the same kind, known as Tyson's motor. It is simply a pigmy steam-engine, with an oscillating cylinder. The boiler is heated by gas, petroleum, or gasoline in the small models, and coke in the larger patterns. The boiler is fed automatically by the action of the machine, and as the quantity of water and steam contained in it is very small, there is little fear of accidents. Fig. 1 represents the various parts of the motor ingeniously grouped above the reservoir of water used in condensing the steam. Fig. 2 shows it engaged in driving a sewing machine. It may also be used for a variety of household work, such as grinding coffee, turning circular saws, or actuating punkahs in hot climes. The model engraved exerts a power of 1.000 foot-pounds per minute. |
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Der
in obiger Spalte gezeichnete Motor im Detail. Orignaltext: |
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Konservierungsmaschine
für Früchte, basierend auf dem Vakuum-Prinzip. Orignaltext: |
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Duschvorrichtung,
in den USA patentiert. Orignaltext: A Handy Shower-Bath. The engravings represent a very ingenious form of shower-bath which has been recently patented in America. The water is contained in a round vessel, which is furnished at one end with a flat rim, to allow of the cistern being set down on the floor, while at the other end the vessel is furnished with a perforated cap, through which the water descends in a shower of fine spray. In the middle of the cap is the supply-tube, which runs down nearly to the bottom of the vessel; a flot is provided to show when the cistern is full, and two side tubes carry a quantity of shot, which is employed by way of ballast to steady the vessel when in use. The cistern is pivoted in a light jointed frame, in which it moves freely when suspended from above. When the bather is ready for his shower, all that he has to do is to tip the cistern into position by pulling the attached cords until it swings round. Fig. 1 gives a perspective view of this clever appliance; Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the vessel inverted-that is, in the position opposite to that which it assumes when in use. |
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Kampf
der Lichtabsorption. Mit dieser Glasfaser-Lampe, 1880 eingeführt,
wurde die Absorption auf 30% gesenkt (sonst: 50%). Orignaltext: A Diffusive Lantern. Globes of opal or ground glass are commonly employed for diffusing the rays from a powerful light such as that of elctric arc, but their use is attended by a loss through absorption of some fifty percent of the available light. To prevent so much waste M. Clemandot has devised the lantern shown in the accompanying enaraving. The novel part is the conical wall of glass enclosing the light. It consists of flat tubes of class welded together so as to form a corrugated surface, and these tubes are packed with the material known as glass-wool. The wool is composed of spunglass fibre finder than flossilk and it can be packed loosely or tightly according to the degree of diffusion required. Moreover, it can be tinted various colours so as to tone the light. With this arrangement the loss of illuminating power by the absorption of the glass is not more than thirty percent. |
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Bereich: Zeitmessung |
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Pneumatische
Uhren in Paris. Sie wurden durch Luftdruck betrieben, der von
einer zentralen Station ausgesandt wurde. Reichweite: Über
drei Kilometer. Orignaltext: Pneumatic Clocks in Paris. A system of public clocks actuated by means of compressed air has been introduced into the city of Paris. It consists mainly of the central standard clock, the receiving or district clocks, and the tubes for conveying the compressed air from the central to the several receiving clocks. At the central station air is a pump to a pressure of about five atmospheres, or 75 lbs. on the square inch, and stored in a reservoir. Every minute the air is distributed from this reservoir, at a fixed pressure of seven-tenths atmosphere, to the receiving clocks, through the action of the standard timepiece, which works a sliding valve so as to allow the air to pass from the reservoir into the distributing pipes. These are made of wrought iron, and run to the various districts of the city which possess a street clock. Smaller pipes of the same kind are also laid on to private houses, and connected by india-rubber tubes to the clocks of rooms and corridors. By sending a current of the compressed air through these tubes for twenty seconds at the beginning of every minute, any number of clocks can be operated at a distance of one to two miles from the central station. The receiving clocks may be of any description what ever, but they are all fitted with the device illustrated in Fig. 1. This consists of a small bellows, resembling that used in pneumatic call-bells, and communicating with the tube conducting the compressed air from the central station. At the beginning of every minute the transmitted pulse of air raises the bellows, and a rod attached to the top of the bellows actuates a lever engaging a toothed wheel, which is rigidly connected to the arbor of the minute-hand of the clock. The wheel has sixty teeth, and rotates one tooth every minute, and a weighted pawl at the other side of the dial checks this movement. The hour-hand is rotated by means of the usual dial-wheels. To make the clock strike the hours a second bellows is required. Clocks operated in this way, require no winding up, since the controlling agency is also the motive-power; and the ordinary spring or weight clocks can be easily transformed into pneumatic receiving clocks. Many of the chief hotels, railway stations, and public offices of Paris are provided with these clocks; and street pillar-clocks of the pattern shown in Fig. 2 are erected in various parts of the city. |
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Bereich: Auf und im Wasser |
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Ladung
löschen leicht gemacht. Luftgefüllte, miteinander unter
dem Kiel verbundene Kammern stabilisieren das Schiff. Eine
Erfindung von Mr. Wheeden, Baltimore. Orignaltext: New Way to Buoy Ships. Vessels discharging in port, when not moored alongside the quay or dock, are liable to careen or roll unless proper precautions-some of which are not readily available, while others are clumsy-are taken with a view to prevent any such behaviour. Instead of using spars or logs for supports, as is often done, Mr. Wheeden, of Baltimore, has patented the new method illustrated in the woodcut. It consists in attaching a line to air-tight casks-the ordinary water-casks carried by all vessels will do-floating at the sides of the vessel. From each cask a line is passed under the keel and up the opposite side of the ship, where it is carefully fastened. If one cask is not enough to secure the necessary stability, two or more can be used as required. Under this system, which may also be applied to floating docks, pontoon bridges, and disabled ships at sea, there is no tendency to roll, and cargo may be unloaded without the vessel careening. |
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Schöne
Flaschenpost mit Traummassen: 60 cm (hoch), 90 cm (Umfang).
Einsetzbar bei Schiffsuntergängen. Trägt Informationen
über das untergegangene Schiff und, in vier Sprachen, die
Bitte, diese Flaschenpost an den Versicherer Lloyds
weiterzureichen. Notfalls, heisst es, könnten sich bis zu
drei Personen an der Boje festhalten. |
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Das Wasserrad. |
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